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WfettAM 6. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
FOREWORD
In February, 1974, the Master Planning Unit of the Division of State Parks was established and given the responsibility of preparing plans for the pre- servation, development, and operation of existing and new state parks. This master plan study has been developed in depth and reflects the high priority given to it as part of the planning program.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 1
CONTEXT 2
Location, Access, and Population
History
Adjacent Land Use and Development Patterns
NATURAL RESOURCES 5
Geology
Ground and Surface Water
Topography and Slope
Soils
Vegetation and Wildlife
Site Analysis — Limitations
CULTURAL RESOURCES 10
Existing Management and Land Use
Perceptual Analysis
Site Analysis — Opportunities
DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS 14
Concept
Park Entrance
Park Control Center
Day Use Area
Interpretive Center
Group/Long-Term Family Area
Maintenance
Hiking Trails
Bicycle Trails
POLICY FOR LAND ACQUISITION, SITE
MANAGEMENT, AND PARK CHARACTER 30
Land Acquisition Site Management Park Character
ADMINISTRATION 32
Services to Park Users Management Programs
GENERAL LAND USE PROGRAM 34
DEVELOPMENT PHASING 35
STAFFING 36
BIBLIOGRAPHY 37
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 38
^£^^
INTRODUCTION
The Master Plan for William B. Umstead State Park is based on four objectives which outline the purpose of the State Park System.
1 . To preserve and protect natural areas of unique or exceptional scenic value not only for the inspi- ration and benefit of the present generation, but also for generations to come.
A natural area is proposed for the flood plain and immediate slopes of the Crabtree Creek water- shed. This area includes the primary areas of wildlife activity as well as unique vegetation in- cluding mountain rhododendron and several species of orchid.
2. Establish and operate state parks to provide recreational use of natural resources and outdoor recreation in natural surroundings.
A public lake swimming facility is proposed for the day use area in addition to expanded family picnicking facilities and the provision of a park store. Day use facilities for groups as well as an expanded and more diverse provision for over- night use is proposed for the general enthusiast as well as special interests.
Hiking trails will be extended, or rerouted where necessary, and will provide greater access to the park's features as well as link to Raleigh's Green- way and Cary. Bicycle trails will be provided and a horse camp for horseback riders. The Big Lake will continue to serve shore and boat fishing and recreational boating is proposed for Reedy Creek Lake.
3. To portray and interpret plant and animal life, geology, and all other natural features and pro- cesses in the various state parks.
The main emphasis of the Master Plan is on the provision of an interpretive center intended for an active environmental education program. Self guided trails, nature appreciation center, amphi- theatre, specialized trails, and display facilities will support the educational program in the con- text of the natural resource and landscape man- agement.
4. To preserve, protect, and portray scientific sites of statewide importance.
A 2,500 acre natural area is proposed which, in conjunction with the interpretive center, will pro- vide an effective context for study of the pied- mont landscape. This area includes the 55 acres of beech forest designated by the National Regis- try of Natural Landmarks and by the Society of American Foresters.
It should be emphasized that these proposals express the maximum degree of potential park development. All development will be implement- ed in progressive, long-range phases. In turn, each will be implemented only after a thorough analysis of the impact of previous phases. Should such analysis indicate a significant degree of detrimental impact upon any sections of the park, steps will be taken immediately to correct the situation. Furthermore, those portions of suc- ceeding phases which might contribute to such a problem must be re-evaluated, and possibly elimi- nated. Thus, with the conclusion of the phasing process, the optimum degree of development would be achieved.
In addition to these proposals, which relate di- rectly to State Park principles, a method of con- trolling access and use of the Park is required. Four methods of control are proposed:
1. The limitation of public road access to one point.
2. The simplification of park boundaries, i.e., land acquisition to adjoin roads where possible or the establishment of permanent and obvious markers such as horse trails.
3. Improved internal communications.
4. Increased permanent staff.
The final primary objective is to develop a plan which will promote a unified administrative and management program enabling more efficient and expanded services to park users.
REGIONAL LOCATION
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
CONTEXT
LOCATION, ACCESS, AND POPULATION
Umstead State Park is situated in Wake County, on the eastern edge of the Piedmont Plateau, between the cities of Raleigh and Durham. Access into the park is presently available from Interstate 40 to the south and from the north via U. S. 70.
According to the 1970 census, there were over 900,000 North Carolinians living within fifty miles of the park, 419,000 of which resided in Wake, Durham, and Orange Counties. In 1973, more than 355,000 people visited Umstead Park and, given a 5% increased visitation, the projected visitor population for 1980 is 510,000. Presently, the Park accounts for 15.3% of all state park usage and is located nearest to a major metropolitan popula- tion.
HISTORY
Until 1934, the land now occupied by Umstead Park was a farm community — houses, mills, and fields in various stages of use and abandonment. Poor agricultural techniques, such as one crop farming, primarily cotton, led to the loss of top- soil and subsequently, a submarginal existence. Second-growth timber was then removed from some upland areas, which expedited the erosion process.
During the great depression, the United States Resettlement Division began a program of pur- chasing sub-marginal farm land, and in 1935 a proposal to acquire and develop a recreational demonstration project was instigated generally within the area now known as Umstead Park. The development of this area was jointly supervised by the National Park Service and the Department of Conservation and Development and until 1943, all development and land acquisition was financed by Federal money.
In addition to the development of four group camps, a lake, temporary roads and utility sys- tems, the CCC Work Force was responsible for important conservation measures such as tree planting and the construction of check dams, which aided the stabilization of the soil.
World War II forced the abandonment of Federal activities and on April 6, 1943, the United States deeded to the State of North Carolina, for the sum of one dollar, 5,088 acres to serve "public park, recreation, and conservation purposes". This land was officially designated as Crabtree Creek State Park. In 1947 and 1949, public use facilities in- cluding picnic areas, tent and trailer camp- grounds, and utilities were financed by the Gen- eral Assembly's first State Parks Division appro- priation.
On April 24, 1950, 1,234 acres of Crabtree Creek State Park was established as a separate park for Negroes and designated as Reedy Creek State Park. William B. Umstead State Park was formally dedicated on Sunday, August 28, 1955, and was named in recognition of the former Governor. In 1966, the two parks were integrated under the present name although a dual administration has been maintained to the present day.
In 1968, a proposal to redesignate the Park as a State recreation area was denied on the basis of original park deed restrictions as well as public pressure.
ADJACENT LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS
Umstead Park lies in a highly urbanized area of the State and, as in the past, is currently under pressure from adjacent development. Suburban Raleigh is rapidly moving westward and recent development, in fact, abuts the eastern edge of the Park. With the development of Crabtree Valley Shopping Center and Interstate 40, land values have risen enormously so that a setting for resi- dential and industrial growth in very close prox- imity to the Park has developed. City and county land use zoning has set the stage for both of these types of uses so that the only inhibiting factor at present is the lack of sanitary sewer and water lines. While it is only a matter of time before these utilities are provided, the exact location of the utility easements has not yet been pinpointed as it relates to the Park. Specifically, the land adjacent to the northeast between the Park and Highway 70 and that land between 1-40 and the park boundary is currently under considerable pressure for build- ing. Intense development in those areas would inevitably introduce undesirable impact on the Sycamore Creek and Crabtree/ Reedy Creek water- sheds. In addition, the Raleigh thoroughfare plan indicates the construction of a new road linking 1-40 and the Duraleigh Road as an extension of the Southern Beltline which, without control mea- sures, will most certainly create similar develop- ment pressure.
Raleigh-Durham Airport lies adjacent to Umstead Park's western boundary and presently has two runways; one for commercial airlines runs parallel to the Park in a northeast/southwest direction and the other, for small craft use, lies perpendicular to the Park in an east-west direction. The Airport Authority is currently in advanced stages of plan- ning a new runway and enlarged facilities. The proposed runway would lie perpendicular to the Park south of the Airport's existing facilities and service commercial flights.
The development of major flood control measures for the Crabtree Creek watershed was been active- ly pursued since 1964. At that time an agreement was reached on the construction of one large "dry dam" below Umstead Park on Crabtree Creek. On August 30, 1973, James Harrington, Secretary of the Department of Natural and Economic Re- sources rejected S. C. S. proposals to provide an increased storage capacity of the presently pro- posed dry dam, or create a permanent impound- ment of Crabtree Creek. The present S. C. S. pro- posals include the proposal of the dry dam as originally suggested and the development of a 500 acre permanent impoundment upstream from the Park south of I-40. The dry dam will inundate low- lying areas along Crabtree Creek and the lower part of Sycamore Creek on a projected 100 year storm frequency for a period not exceeding four days. It should be recognized, however, that in- creased urbanization of the watershed will effec- tively increase the flood frequency and duration.
LEGEND
— — Park Boundary = Four Lane Highway
State Maintained Roads,
& Paved Park Roads
Unpaved Park Road
Proposed Road
^-^ Waterways
^ Lakes
: Airport Land
::•:■:■: Other Public Land
'/////, Private Development
^P Proposed Impoundments
<& Proposed Dry Dam
■■■■ Sewer Lines
•••• Water Lines
N
0 WOO 3200 6400
ADJACENT LAND USE AND UTILITIES
GROUND AND SURFACE WATER
Umstead Park lies in the Crabtree Creek Water- shed which, including the park, occupies some 90,750 acres ultimately draining to the Neuse River. The Creek forms the main physical division in the Park and, with steep, dramatic slopes along its banks, makes for difficult accessibility. The water quality of Crabtree Creek in the Park is good, being classified 'B' by the N. C. Board of Water and Air Resources.
Two minor streams, Sycamore Creek and Reedy Creek, drain to Crabree from the north and south respectively, and, with Crabtree, represent the Park's primary drainage system.
Three man-made lakes have been developed in Umstead Park, and there exists numerous small ponds ranging from V* to 5 acres in size, within the proposed park boundary. Big Lake occupies about 55 acres on the northwest end of Sycamore Creek. Sycamore Lake, which is fed by Sycamore Creek and Pat's Branch, covers about 25 acres. Reedy Creek Lake is also about 25 acres, lying immediately upstream from the juncture of Reedy Creek and Crabtree Creek. The water quality of these lakes is good although Reedy Creek Lake underwent considerable siltation during the con- struction of Interstate 40.
NATURAL RESOURCES
The main natural feature of Umstead Park is not a particular formation but the process which has acted to form the natural setting. The combination of geology and soils, topography, water, plants, and animals — their interaction over time and their adaptation by past land use patterns have afforded the Park's 5,217 acres a unique natural resource. It is a classic example of old field succession and the associated plant and animal diversity that accompanies this process. Because of this diversity, species of wildlife unique to the Piedmont Region are found in Umstead. Also within the Park are portions of the 8 percent of Wake County which has never been farmed.
GEOLOGY
Originally of sedimentary origin, the rocks in Umstead Park have undergone metamorphic pro- cesses so that the region primarily consists of ancient chrystalline rocks, millions of years old. These rocks were formed during the Ocoee Moun- tain uplift during which large masses of molten magma were intruded, forming granites and other igneous rocks, all of which were later modified into gneisses and schists. The Jonesboro Fault lies in a southwest direction along the western boundary of the park and numerous rock outcrops can be found along Sycamore and Crabtree Creek.
LEGEND
— Park Boundary
Roads
^) Lakes
— Major Utility Easement ^^ Creeks
Q Rock Outcrops
SURFACE WATER &
GEOLOGIC FEATURES
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
The protection of these waters is of paramount importance so that policy toward land acquisition and the relationship to neighboring uses should be geared to this objective. Undesirable peripheral development, particularly that involving substan- tial cleared and/or artificially surfaced land areas will contribute to decreased water quality, in- creased surface runoff and subsequent reduction of effective percolation into subsurface aquifers.
Aquifer recharge is generally very slow, and where percolation rates are sluggish, water tables may be perched. Seepage and areas of ponded water may be found where water remains close to and moving parallel with the surface at a considerable distance away from its origin.
The greatest volume of groundwater will be found stored in joints, fractured planes, and along quartz veins. Seepage into streams occurs slowly when subsurface crevices overflow along slopes at the edge of surface waters. Potential for pollu- tion of the groundwater system exists when, after rapid surface runoff occurs, water is forced back into the aquifers.
TOPOGRAPHY AND SLOPE
Undergoing a change in elevation of over 230 feet, the park landscape is quite varied and typical of the Piedmont Region. Slopes in the Park range from 640 acres of nearly level terrain in the flood plain and on ridgetops, 1,360 acres of rolling topography on upland slopes, to 3,217 acres of steep and hilly topography characteristic of the valley walls abutting Crabtree Creek. While the more gradual slopes are easily accessible, devel- opment potential is severely limited in those areas having greater than 12 percent slope.
LEGEND
— - Park Boundary
Roads
Ct> Lake
Major Utility Easement
i^H 200-300
SW88HB 300!_400'
400'_450'
450'_5O0'
LEGEND
— — Park Boundary
Roads
C^D Lake
Major Utility Easement
I )0-S %
: 6.10%
■H 10.15%
HH<5 %
TOPO STUDY
SLOPE STUDY
LEGEND
.... park Boundary
Existing Roads
Proposed Roads
cC? Lake
— — Power Easement
Upland Soils Slight Limitations Moderate Limitations Severe Limitations Lowland Soils Moderate Limitations Severe Limitations
LEGEND
— — Park Boundary
Roads
cSd Lake
Major Utility Easement
■H ALLUVIAL
UPLAND PINE ■B UPLAND HARDWOOD iKiiii UPLAND MIXED CZI AGRICULTURE - LAKES
VEGETATION STUDY
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
SOILS
According to the U. S. D. A.'s 1970 Soil Survey of Wake County, there are 29 soil types in Umstead Park, primarily in the Cecil-Appling Association but extending into a Cecil-Appling and Creed- more-Whitestone Association. The Cecil-Appling Soils are "gently sloping to steep, deep, well- drained soils that have a subsoil of firm clay loam to clay; derived mostly from granite, gneiss, and schist".
For the purpose of analysis, the soils in the Park were classified according to their limiting charac- teristics, i.e.: high water table, percolation, sus- ceptibility to erosion, depth to bedrock, and so forth. On this basis, five groupings emerged with upland soils having categories for soils of slight, moderate, and severe development limitations and lowland soils having two categories — that of moderate and severe.
The best soils for development characteristically occupy the long, gradual slopes of the uplands which have fairly deep, well-drained soils. Soils most limited in potential are the alluvial soils of the lowlands along Crabtree and Sycamore Creek.
VEGETATION AND WILDLIFE
Four major woodland associations are present in Umstead Park and characteristic of the Piedmont Region —alluvial, upland pine, upland hardwood, and mixed pine-hardwood. Within these four groups, numerous, more complex associations exist. The alluvial category, for example, includes three main types of forest — river birch, sweet- gum and elm (or loblolly pine), and mixed hard- woods. The distribution of these forest types as well as the other associations is dependent on the combination of natural factors and land use his- tory. Pure pine stands, for example, are evidence of well-drained soils and lands which have under- gone clearing relatively recently. Because much of the land has been farmed, vegetation patterns are complex and interspersed. Different successional stages of shortleaf and loblolly pine cover more than half of the upland area.
Hardwood forests and mature mixed pine and hardwood cover are usually found along the steep- er slopes and ravines where access was more difficult and where, in some cases, clearing may have never occurred. In these areas and in lowland
areas, generally, many unique plants exist which are either uncommon to the Piedmont or whose species is in clanger of extinction. A species of rhododendron characteristically found in the mountains of North Carolina exists on several steep, north facing slopes along Crabtree Creek. Mountain Laurel is common and several species of orchid may be found.
Of primary importance to animal life in the Park are the edges between plant communities. In these situations, a larger and more diverse num- ber of plant and animal species will be found as edge conditions support an overlap of habitat requirements. Obvious examples are the C. P. & L. easement which runs diagonally through the Park and along which plant growth is maintained as a field layer. A great diversity of plant growth exists in this area which is useful as forage and habitat including herbaceous plants such as lespedeza. Game species such as whitetail deer, turkey, and bobwhite prefer this type of habitat, as do a great variety of songbirds.
The Park harbors a great number of animals typical of the Piedmont Region including rac- coons, grey squirrels, cottontail and marsh rab- bits, weasels, mink, and opossum. Beaver and wood duck have also become well established, since being re-introduced in 1956 and 1954, re- spectively. Several uncommon species inhabit the Park such as wild turkey, which is a rare per- manent resident. Two flocks of ten each have been isolated and, in 1965, a nest with eleven eggs was found.
SITE ANALYSIS — LIMITATIONS
An analysis of factors limiting development in Umstead Park was based on a composite of natural conditions, and problems or conflicts im- posed by neighboring uses. The most significant aspect of the analysis is the isolation of a lowland protection area based on the Crabtree Creek watershed. A composite of soils, slopes, vegeta- tion, and important wildlife habitat clearly indi- cates that lowland areas are, first, most fragile and important to the maintenance of natural con- ditions throughout the Park and, secondly, devel- opment in this area would be impractical due to soil conditions, drainage, and potential problems of erosion and siltation, flooding, and mainte- nance of water quality.
Included in this protection concept are "fringe" upland situations where, for example, a soil type having severe limitations for development or a unique upland vegetation such as a mature grove of white oak would inhibit development.
Specific points of interest have been isolated for special attention. A swamp white oak is located in the northern nart of the Park, near the office, as is
grove of mature oak which serves as a forage area for both deer and wild turkey, marks an old home
site. Both are examples of particularly important features located throughout the Park.
The proposed dry dam presents a potential threat to the lowland areas. While problems of flooding will certainly be alleviated downstream, lowlands of the Park will undergo siltation while the dam is in use in addition to potentially altering the valu- able natural condition of the affected area.
Heavy sedimentation has occurred in all three lakes in the past, but has since been rectified. Monitoring of these areas should be maintained in order to thwart future problems. Both Reedy Creek Lake and Big Lake should be dredged of remaining sediment to re-establish fish habitat and improve use areas.
Noise emanating from the airport as well as the major roads, I-40, Highway 70, and proposed roads, is important not only to the location of overnight facilities in the Park but also those areas of daytime use where a greater degree of tranquility is required. Flight zones over the Park from the existing small craft runway and proposed runway impact the park not only due to noise but also visually so that, in these zones, the location of uses requires considerable scrutiny.
Several sites have been isolated as study project areas or natural areas of importance. A squirrel study, developed and ongoing since 1958, oc- cupies an area of some 200 acres north of Crabtree Creek and bounded on the east by the old Park road. The 55 acre mesophytic forest area south of Crabtree Creek and east of the road has been designated by the Society of American Foresters as a natural area and will remain so long as no uses other than footpaths penetrate the area. This area has also been included in the National Regis- try of Natural Landmarks and is known as the Piedmont Beech Natural Area.
US 70
LEGEND
— - Park Boundary
Roads
Oo) Lake
■ Major Utility Easement
•••• Minor Utility Easement Lowland Protection Area Proposed Dry Dam Area
:•:•:•:•: External Noise • Natural Features
O Lake Siltation
^"^ Airport Impact Zone
SITE ANALYSIS - LIMITATIONS
CULTURAL RESOURCES
EXISTING MANAGEMENT AND LAND USE
A dual park administration exists, having origi- nated from early days of segregation, and main- tained on the basis of two points of public access, from Highway 70 and Interstate 40. With this situation, a duplicity of services are offered which generates an overall inefficiency in administration and land use. The lack of a park road linking the two areas further fragments the park so that, in effect, two parks yet exist, neither of which take good advantage of natural features and interpre- tive opportunities.
Foremost among management and land use prob- lems in Umstead Park is the aspect of control — the regulation of access and use of park land and facilities. The problem of control is enhanced by the following conditions:
1. The poor location of park offices does not pro- vide direct access to users entering the Park. The Park Office should be a focal point, sym- bolic of both authority and service.
2. The quality of information services does not provide adequate orientation to the Park for un- familiar users.
3. The shortfall in permanent staff does not allow for effective patrolling or public relations.
4. The lack of full-time personnel in the Park Office does not allow for effective internal or external communications.
5. Park boundaries are complex and, in some cases, not adequately marked.
6. Barricades at closed roads such as Reedy Creek Road or Ebenezer Church Road are van- dalized frequently.
Park facilities are, in many instances, inadequate, overused, or outdated. Specific problems con- cerning land use are as follows:
1. Picnic areas, group camps, and family camp- grounds are overused, as is evidenced by high- ly compacted soils causing deterioration of vegetation, and disruption of the natural suc- cession process. These activities, camping and picnicking, also require expansion and re- finement for different users.
2. The existing boat dock is congested with people, particularly on weekends when waiting lines frequently occur. Boating facilities re- quire expansion and refinement for fishing and recreational needs.
3. Utility systems in the Park, particularly in the group camps, are, in many cases, outdated and require complete renovation.
4. Problems of compaction and erosion exist on hiking trails closest to picnic areas and group camps, and in the case of bridle trails, on the C. P. & L. easement and at some creek cross- ings.
5. Frequent crossing of hiking and bridle trails have created a safety hazard and conflict of in- terest, in addition to further maintenance prob- lems.
PERCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
The character of Umstead Park — the way in which the park effects a visitor's senses — has, heretofore, been rather nebulous. A program for developing its unique qualities has not been ac- tively pursued so that, for the most part, its character is one of regularity — especially uni- form in the use areas where park facilities have been developed.
Very few open spaces exist which allow even short vistas. The edges of the Park's access roads are very enclosed and lacking in variety. In fact, the largst continuous open space in the Park is the C. P. & L easement which also represents the Park's greatest eyesore. The best open vistas in the Park are from lake edges. Sycamore Lake and Reedy Creek Lake have particularly fine views.
Inevitably, the most scenic areas of the Park are also the most remote. Deep in the Park, along the edges of Sycamore or Crabtree Creek, and in the heavily wooded ravines and basins, natural diver- sity has been maintained, which is truly character- istic of the area. It is this concept of diversity which should be utilized in developing the character of the Park in locations outside of the natural Area.
10
US 70
LEGEND
— — Park Boundary
Roads
C^d Lake
- Major Utility Easement
— — paved Roads ■•"■ Dirt Roads — •• Hiking Trails 00000 Bridle Trails Overnight Use
0 Day Use
@ Residence and Service
# Mill Sites
EXISTING LAND USE
ii
SITE ANALYSIS - OPPORTUNITIES
The analysis of access points and potential use areas, in combination with natural resrouces, suggest a context for land use and development.
Development units, or areas having good poten- tial for high intensity use, buildings, roads, and utility systems, were isolated on the basis of soils, slope, vegetation, and other natural limita- tions. In the northern sector of the Park, an area suitable for heavy use includes areas presently serving the Crabtree Section and along ridges lying parallel to Pat's Branch. This area is acces- sible from the existing park entrance at Highway 70 as well as from Ebenezer Church Road, which
LEGEND
— ■ Park Boundary
■"■■ Four Lane Highway
State Maintained Roads,
A Paved Park Roads
Unpaved Park Road
Proposed Road
— * Waterways
' ~ Lakes
Q Potential Access
ACCESS STUDY
presently allows access to private property, but is closed to through traffic.
A second development area, including the use areas of the Reedy Creek Section and an upland area lying on a ridge southeast of Reedy Creek Lake, is accessible from the present entrance off Interstate 40 and a road proposed by the Raleigh Thoroughfare Plan. This road will occupy a ridge at the southeast corner of the Park, linking the beltline and the Duraleigh Road.
Along the main ridge dividing Sycamore and Crab- tree Creeks, a third area was located for which a possible entrance could be developed from the proposed access road which will serve Raleigh- Durham airport, circumventing the park's western boundary.
In all cases, development units occupy upland situations, characteristically more suitable for heavy use than lowland areas. Priority for develop- ment must be given to those areas which present- ly harbor high use such as existing picnic areas and group camps, particularly Camp Sycamore and Camp Whispering Pines.
While it will be desirable to instigate programs to rehabilitate areas suffering from compaction and erosion, it is nevertheless more suitable to main- tain use in these areas under a management pro- gram than to initiate land uses in areas relatively untouched. Before a management program is im- plemented, however, a study should be under- taken to explore management approaches which offer potential for coping with various use prob- lems, as well as improving site quality.
Four potential water crossings were located, three of which are existing. The new location, upstream from the bridge presently crossing Crabtree Creek, is the site of an old crossing which was abandoned, apparently before farming activities ceased.
All of the lowland areas should be protected. In particular, the watershed of both Crabtree Creek and Sycamore Creek and their tributaries should be designated as a natural area to insure its protection. In addition, the eastern portion of the central ridge, embraced by the two creeks, should be included in the natural area in order that an upland area may be preserved in its natural condi- tions.
12
US 70
LEGEND
— — Park Boundary
Roads
C^D Lake
Major Utility Easement Proposed Roads Potential Road Access
r-'") Development Units
Natural Area
9 Existing High Use
%I» Potential Water V Crossing
» *
0 800 1600 3200
SITE ANALYSIS-OPPORTUNITIES
13
DEVELOPMENT PROPOSALS
CONCEPT
Based on the need to develop new and more refined facilities and park services, the master plan concept illustrates three separate use areas — for day use activities, interpretive functions, and long-term family group activities — to provide the context for park development. These areas will be served by a single vehicular access. A Park Control Center, located near the entrance will be the focal point for main administrative functions, visitor orientation, and communications.
The main access road will be directed to the Interpretive Center, the focus of park activities. Facilities and programs emanating from the cen- ter will explain the natural and cultural develop-
ment of the Park and Piedmont Region of North Carolina.
The Day Use Area and Long-Term Group and Family Use Area are, necessarily, distinct and separate units. Each has a different clientel and, subsequently, varying needs and behavior. Activi- ty in the day use area, for example, will be more intense over shorter periods of time. Day users will not be as self-sufficient as those in the long- term area, having less organization and prear- ranged activities.
In keeping with conclusions of the site analysis, lowland areas will be kept free of major develop- ment leaving the opportunity for the provision of a hiking trail system.
14
access road to park facilities
bike trail
view east
PARK CONTROL
to greenway
to day use area
*SF
hiking trad
park control center
N
*
s \
■\ //A
/ / /
0 100 200 400
residence area
/
PARK ENTRANCE
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
bicycle access
proposed beltline extension
V
17
hiking trail to interpretive center
DAY USE AREA sheet 1
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
hiking trail to park control
short term family camping
0 100 200
DAY USE AREA sheet 2
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
19
INTERPRETIVE CENTER
On a ridge overlooking a 2,500 acre natural area, the Interpretive Center is located at the terminus of the main access road. The Center is comprised of three major units — Education Area, Manage- ment Area, and Natural Area.
The Education Area includes the Interpretive Cen- ter proper — the complex of buildings which will serve as quarters for office functions, interpretive programs, display, lab/study area, nature crafts, and auditorium. A one-half mile primary trail will serve blind and handicapped elderly visitors, and children. It shall be designed to emphasize visual, audio, and tactile experiences, and will link to longer loop trails for enthusiasts. The Education Area will also include an amphitheater serving up to 200 people for nature skills, lectures, and visual presentations. Parking for the Center will allow for 200 cars, 4 buses, and 10 staff vehicles.
The management Area is designed as a series of units, or compartments, which will present an educational and scientific context for the study of plant succession, from early field stages to ma- ture hardwood forest. A one-half mile loop trail
originating from the Interpretive Center will lead hikers through the successional stages. For the early stages of old field succession, 15 one-acre compartments will be provided and, utilizing a rotation system, a progressive use of each plot may be made.
The Natural Area will be used as a nature preserve, for interpretation, and for regulated natural his- tory research. A tertiary trail system (trails of natural tread serving as interpretive devices rather than main circulation ways) will extend through- out the area. Visitors will be encouraged to ar- range guided hikes through this area. No land use other than trails and limited wilderness camping will penetrate the Natural Area.
A maximum of twenty-five phased sites for a semi-wilderness camping experience have been located on a trail accessible from Interpretive Center. This camping is intended for enthusiasts who seek a relatively primitive atmosphere. Sites will be located 300 feet apart and reached only by hiking. Access to Crabtree Creek for experienced canoers will take place along an existing parallel trail, located on an adjacent ridge to the east, towards the Interpretive center.
20
management area
hiking trail to day use area
NTERPRETIVE CENTER
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
21
miking trail
picnic clusters
unreserved picnicking
picnic clusters
picnic clusters
to family camping
A. ij |
to interpretive center/ park entrance
\ 'fi z^1 J^hiking trail
reserved picnicking / day camps
"A" group shelter
m< j
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fishing
0 100 200 400
boathouk/ concessBiv
GROUP PICNICKING AREA
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE
'B" group shelter
22
GROUP/LONG-TERM FAMILY AREA
The third major use area is designed for groups having prearranged programs and requiring speci- fic facilities, or groups and families who intend to use the park for an extended period of time.
A Group Day Use Area will provide for reserved and unreserved picnicking. This area is located on the ridge presently used for picnicking in the Crabtree Section. The reserved picnic area will include two separate shelter units with adjacent open spaces, and serve a total of 350 people. The two shelter units will double as day camp facili- ties for groups, on a weekly reservation basis. Parking for a maximum of 88 vehicles will be provided. Unreserved picnicing will be composed of 69 various sized clusters, from 2-15 tables each, allowing a capacity of 1 ,382 people. Several dispersed parking areas will accommodate 352 vehicles including 6 buses.
Group camping facilities will be expanded to allow for three camping experiences — cabins, tent camping, and adirondack shelters. The exist- ing group cabin camps will be maintained in their present location, overlooking Sycamore Lake, and expanded with cabins from Camp Whispering Pines to allow for a total of 350 users. As the useful life of the existing structures approaches, however, they should be replaced by several cabin "units" within each group cabin camp. Each "U- nit" would consist of several 12-20 person "bar- rack" type cabins with wash house and coun- selors' quarters. One camp should be "winter- ized" to accommodate winter campers. 1 53 visitor and staff parking spaces total for all three camps should be provided along with 6 service vehicle spaces.
The areas for adirondack shelters and tent camp- ing will both be divided into three 40-person camps, allowing a maximum of 120 users for each area. A centrally located 60 vehicle parking lot will serve both areas simultaneously.
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GROUP CAMPING AREA CONCEPT
23
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GROUP CABINS CONCEPT
24
A" tent camp
ebenezer church road
PROPOSED
GROUP CAMPING AREA
WILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK
campsites
25
Along the ridge north of the present park office, four cabin clusters are proposed in addition to a tent and trailer campground for long-term family use. A cabin cluster will include from six to twelve units, allowing a total development of 36 ca- bins. 24 cabins will accommodate 6 persons each, while 1 2 cabins will accommodate 4 persons for a total of 192 people. The tent and trailer camp- ground will provide for 72 campsites to be de- veloped after the life of the current campground in the Crabtree Section is exhausted. A small, five- acre fishing and swimming pond is proposed as a focal point for residents of the long-term family user area.
Big Lake will be used primarily for shoreline and boat fishing. The existing number of boats should be expanded to an optimum of 28, the boathouse area improved to provide toilets and drinking water, and a concession provided for fishing gear and snacks. Both the boathouse and concession will be operated as a single unit by park person- nel. Parking for 56 cars will be developed in close proximity to this facility, allowing for easy access by elderly and/or handicapped fishermen.
Horseback riding has become increasingly popu- lar in Umstead Park. In order to accommodate this growing interest, and to lessen its inherent con- flict with other activities, a new bridle trail system and horse camp has been developed. Located east of Old Ebenezer Church Road, the horse camp will be the hub of the bridle trail system and provide parking for 24 cars and trailers. 16 partitioned tie racks, six camping sites, and a small picnic area for groups of up to 30 riders will be provided. Bridle trails will be contained to the area north of Crabtree Creek in a series of loops utilizing exist- ing trails where possible, the longest of which will parallel the parks boundary.
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance activities will be divided among the three main use areas of the Park with the main facility sustained in its existing location in the Crabtree Section. Warehouse facilities will require expansion in both existing areas and a small maintenance building will be needed in the inter- pretive complex.
26
equestrian trail
ranger residences
0 100 200 400
LONG-TERM FAMILY USER AREA
'ILLIAM B. UMSTEAD STATE PARK 27
HIKING TRAILS
A system of hiking trails is proposed which will allow for three types of usage.
1. Primary trails will have a ridgetop location, wood chip or possibly asphalt surface, and be intended for intensely used, short distance destinations such as from picnic area to swim- ming center. They may also serve specialized trails for the handicapped and highly used one-half mile loop trails associated with major use areas.
2. Secondary trails may emanate from primary trails forming one-half mile to 1 mile loops.
They will also provide links between major use areas such as from group camps to Interpretive Center. Secondary trails may have a treated surface of natural tread depending on location and use. 3. Tertiary trails will be of natural tread and in- tended for long-term hikes such as in the Natu- ral Area.
It is proposed that a potential link to Raleigh's Greenway System be provided where Park pro- perty abuts other public lands near Richland Creek, east of the park control center, and another link, to Cary, be provided along Crabtree Creek.
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28
BICYCLE TRAILS
Bicycling has also increased in popularity, espe- cially from Raleigh, so that a provision for bikes is necessary. However, in order that trail systems do not become overly complex, it is proposed that bike trail development should, first, be limited to the Interpretive Center and Day Use Area where
traffic will be heaviest. Secondly, they should be developed within road corridors using old road beds where possible. Two entrances for bicycles are proposed — one from Old Reedy Road and the other, serving Cary, from the present park en- trance of Interstate 40.
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BIKE TRAILS
29
POLICY FOR LAND ACQUISITION,
SITE MANAGEMENT, AND PARK CHARACTER
LAND ACQUISITION
It is proposed that the State acquire approximate- ly 91 6 acres of additional land and delete 1 86 for a net total of 730 additional acres. However, most of the proposed lands, particularly phases II and III, need not be acquired if legally binding assurances are made by landowners that existing land uses will remain indefinitely. Such assurances may be made, for example, in the form of a scenic ease- ment which would restrict land uses considered incompatible with the Park. Such land uses in- clude medium or high density residential, com- mercial or industrial development, and timber clearcutting. However, owners would be permit- ted to have low-density single family dwellings, out-buildings such as storage sheds or green- houses, and woodlands managed on a selective cutting basis.
The acquisition proposals are based on the need to protect parkland from the detrimental effects of major land use changes, to simplify park boun- daries, and to provide additional space for park development. The proposal consists of three phases of acquisition or legally binding land-use agreements, the priorities being:
1. Land lying between the present park boundary and existing entrances at I-40, Ebenezer Church Road, and the proposed entrance.
2. Other lands lying between I-40 and the Park.
3. Other lands lying adjacent to the proposed beltline extension and lying between Ebenezer Church Road and the park boundary.
SITE MANAGEMENT
Management programs should be developed for all areas undergoing heavy use or those where problems of erosion, soil compaction, and loss of above-ground vegetation is evident. Reclamation can begin with techniques such as discing, bed- ding, etc. and programs of site rotation should be introduced. The Family Picnic Area and Short-
Term Family Camping Area, for example, are designed with three sub-units each, rotated every five to ten years, leaving two active and one passive at all times."
Management of wildlife populations should be reserved to helping maintain natural balances, particularly in the case of endangered species.
PARK CHARACTER
The essence of Umstead Park is the representa- tion of the successional process — the develop- ment, overtime, of plant and animal associations towards a climax community. While the lowlands and steep slopes of the Park are particularly well represented, upland areas are less diverse and only partially illustrate the characteristic land- scape of the Piedmont Region, particularly since man's influence. In this regard, it is proposed that a greater number of open spaces should be de- veloped in the Park. This development should, however, not be indiscriminate. Areas having such potential are as follows:
1 . The edges of the C. P & L. easement should be varied in locations where a negative influence upon wildlife habitat would not be introduced.
2. Edges of the road corridor should be varied, allowing more open space and visual interest, particularly where old road beds cross or paral- lel proposed roads.
3. Areas as isolated in detailed sketch designs, relating to buildings, existing open space, and old roads.
The design of new buildings in Umstead State Park should utilize materials native to the area but not sacrifice good design to provide traditional rustic style. The desirable quality of rustic archi- tecture is not necessarily an old appearance, but one which is appropriate with the surroundings. Good contemporary design can also provide this quality.
30
US 70
LEGEND
Park Boundary
Roads
Lake
Major Utility Easement
Phase I
Phase H
Phase 11
Park to Airport
Airport to Park
Delete
ACQUISITION PRIORITIES
31
ADMINISTRATION
SERVICES TO PARK USERS
Programs which have been established and are currently practiced in William B. Umstead State Park, including those for visitor protection and law enforcement, should be maintained and con- tinue to receive great emphasis. Development proposals, such as the limitation of vehicular access and location of the park offices, will most certainly aid in these services as will the improve- ment of internal communications.
Information services and user orientation to the Park needs considerable improvement. Highway directional signs will necessarily require adjust- ment during the development phases, particularly in rerouting Highway 70 traffic to, first, the 1-40 entrance and, later, the new entrance.
It is proposed that, following the suggestion outlined in the interpretive prospectus for William B. Umstead State Park, a radio station be estab- lished within the park as an additional service to park visitors. Radio programming would be geared, first, to notifying visitors of activities occuring within the park on a moment to moment basis, and second, as a means of communication in case of emergency. In general, the radio station would serve also as an interpretive tool, assisting in the description of the Park's resources and features.
In addition to the Park Control Center, the Park Store, Interpretive Center, and boathouse area on Big Lake will serve as information areas with personnel to answer questions and bulletin boards listing park programs and activities.
The interpretation of park resources is the most important of services to be expanded and im- proved in Umstead Park. The program outlined in the Interpretive Prospectus regarding the develop- ment of theme, interpretive services, and personal services are of high priority.
MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
In addition to those methods of control and protection to property previously mentioned, a program of systematic patrolling by park person- nel must be maintained. Park boundaries will be simplified but must be kept well marked, particu- larly where abutting private property. All mobile
units should have radio contact with full-time staff at Park Control.
A fire control plan for Umstead Park is presently in effect, with the assistance of the Forestry Divi- sion. It is suggested that a system of caches be developed so that fire-fighting tools may be read- ily accessible to park staff and visitors. Caches, or storage areas, would be located in each major use area in the Park as well as in every active mobile unit. In this way, it may be possible to extinguish fires quickly and avoid the possibility of spread- ing.
Each of the major use areas will have a main- tenance facility, although the existing main- tenance area in the Crabtree Section will serve as the main facility. The existing Central Division Warehouse will be moved to the western perimeter of the site, accessible from the proposed airport road. A full-time supervisor may be provided to head the maintenance program in the later phases of the park's development.
The management of natural resources in the Park will proceed as previously outlined and as sug- gested in the Interpretive Prospectus. Reclama- tion programs and the management of specific plant and animal communities will emanate from the Interpretive Center.
In addition to usual management practices carried on for activities such as camping, boating, or concession facilities, a strict program is required for the proposed swimming and Boating Center on Reedy Creek Lake. The limit of the beach capacity should be strictly enforced, perhaps through the use of a tag system, as should control of parking in this area. A fee should be charged for the use of the swimming and boating area. If, in the future, it is found that the demand for use of this facility greatly exceeds its design capacity, a reservation system may be instigated. A reserva- tion for the use of this area would be required of all users except those using the Park on an overnight basis. Reservations could be made in advance by telephone to the Park Office, through the proposed Tickitron System (which, at first, will be used for reserving overnight facilities at State Parks), or at the Park on a day to day basis.
32
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33
GENERAL LAND USE PROGRAM
AREA 1
PARK CONTROL CENTER
Building complex to accommodate administrative services, communications and visitor orientation.
Parking: 20 visitor spaces
4 bus spaces
5 staff spaces
Superintendent's Residence
DAY USE AREA
Park Store
Parking: 12 visitor/staff spaces
Family Picnic Area 515 sites — 2,200 person capacity
Parking: 414 visitor/staff spaces
Swimming and Boating Center
3,913 persons/day 80,000 square feet beach area 30 boats
Parking: 330 visitor spaces 10 staff spaces
Maintenance and Residence Area
SHORT-TERM FAMILY CAMPGROUND
80 sites — 320 person capacity
GROUP CAMPING AREA
Cabin Area
camps — 150, 125,
3 camps — 150 respectively
Parking: 118 visitor spaces total 35 staff spaces total 6 service vehicle spaces
Tent Area
3 camps — 40 persons/camp
Parking: 30 visitor/ staff spaces
Adirondack Shelter Area 3 camps — 40 persons/camp
Parking: 30 visitor/staff spaces
LONG-TERM FAMILY USE AREA
Cabin Area 36 cabins — 192 person capacity
Tent and Trailer Area
72 sites — 288 person capacity
75 person capacity,
MAINTENANCE AND RESIDENCE AREA
BIG LAND BOATING/FISHING AREA
28 boats and 140 person capacity
Parking: 56 visitor/ staff spaces
HORSE CAMP
30 person /horse capacity 6 picnic and camping sites
Parking:
24 visitor/staff spaces
AREA 2
INTERPRETIVE CENTER (EDUCATION AREA)
Building complex to accommodate administration and maintenance, museum/interpretive services, nature appreciation center and lab/study area.
Parking: 150 visitor spaces 4 bus spaces 8 staff spaces
Amphitheatre 200 person capacity
Parking: 50 visitor/ staff spaces
MANAGEMENT AREA
100 acre succession study/demonstration area
NATURAL AREA
2,500 acre nature preserve
Wilderness camping
25 sites
AREA 3
GROUP DAY USE AREA
Reserved picnic area 350 person capacity
Parking: 88 visitor/staff
Unreserved Picnic Area 1,382 person capacity
Parking: 346 visitor/staff spaces 6 bus spaces
TRAILS
Hiking — 18.7 miles excluding specialized trails and self-guided loop trails Bridle — 16.7 miles Bicycle — 3.48 miles
34
DEVELOPMENT PHASING
PHASE I PRIORITIES
GENERAL
1
- Phase I acquisition involving lands between I-40 and park boundary adjacent to existing entrance, between proposed access road and park boundary, and five parcels between Ebenezer Church Road and park boundary.
- Construct bridge at Reedy Creek Lake
- Main road system
construct new roads
regrade and surface existing roads
- Close highway 70 entrance
- Main hiking trail system — greenway link
USE AREA 1
6 - Park store (interim information center)
7 - 1st Stage, Family Picnic Area
develop area A reclaim area B
8 - 1st Stage, Short-term Family Camping
40 sites
USE AREA 2
9 - Designate Natural Area and delineate by
permanent markers
10 - Management Area
USE AREA 3
11 - Unreserved Group Picnic Area
12 - Reserved Picnic Area
expand area A reclaim area B
13 - 1st Stage, new road for Family Cabin Area
14 - 1st Stage, Family Cabin Area
15 - Expand /renovate Crabtree Group Camp
(move units from Camp Whispering Pines)
16 - Equestrian area (complete)
17 - 1st Stage, Bridle trails (excluding trails on
Phase II acquisition) 18- Temporary comfort station and drinking water at Big Lake Boathouse
PHASE II PRIORITIES
GENERAL
1 - Phase II acquisition involving additional lands between I-40 and the park boundary, and land east of Pat's Branch.
5 - Group Adirondack Area
6 - Improvement to Boathouse Area
7 - 2nd Stage, Trails
USE AREA 1
8 - 2nd Stage, Family Picnic Area
develop Area C
9 - 2nd Stage, Short-term Family Camping Area
40 units 10 - Central Division Warehouse moved to new location
PHASE III PRIORITIES
GENERAL
1 - Phase III acquisition involving remaining land
between I-40 and park boundary, adjacent to proposed access road, and between park boundary and Ebenezer Church Road
USE AREA 1
2 - New entrance road
2nd Stage, Bicycle trails
3 - Park Control Center (complete),
close I-40 entrance
4 - Superintendent's residence
USE AREA 3
5 - New road for Group Cabin Area
6 - 2nd Stage, Renovation of Existing Group
Camps
7 - Parking and permanent comfort station
for boathouse at Big Lake
8 - 2nd Stage, Family Cabin Area
18 units
9 - Pond for Family Cabin Area
10 - 1st Stage, long-term Family Camping 42 sites
PHASE IV PRIORITIES
GENERAL
1 - Improvements to maintenance areas
USE AREA 1
2 - Reedy Creek Swimming/Boating Center
(complete)
3 - 3rd Stage, Short-term Family Camping
40 sites
USE AREA 2
2 - Interpretive Center (complete)
3 - 1st Stage, Wilderness Camping Area
10 sites
USE AREA 3
4 - Group Tent Camping Area
USE AREA 2
4 - Stage 2, Wilderness Camping Area
15 sites
USE AREA 3
5 - 2nd Stage, Long-term Family Camping
30 sites
35
STAFFING
P - Permanent S - Seasonal H - Hourly
ADMINISTRATION
Park Superintendent II Assistant Park Superintendent Typist Typist Clerk Labor Support
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance Mechanic II Labor Support
AREA I
DAY USE AREA Park Ranger II
SWIMMING/BOATING CENTER
Chief Life Guard Life Guard Bathhouse Manager Bathhouse Operator Boating Attendant
PARK STORE
Refreshment Stand Manager Refreshment Stand Clerk Labor Support
FAMILY PICNIC/
SHORT-TERM FAMILY CAMPING
Park Ranger I Park Attendant Labor Support
P P P S H
(2)P H
S
(4)S
S
(2)S
(2)S
S
(3)S H
P
(4)S
H
AREA II
Ranger/ Naturalist Museum Curator I Naturalist Park Attendant Labor Support
AREA III
Park Ranger II Recreator
GROUP DAY USE AREA
Park Ranger I Park Attendant Labor Support
GROUP CAMPING AREA
Park Ranger I Park Attendants Labor Support
LONG-TERM FAMILY USE AREA
Park Ranger I Park Attendants Labor Support
BIG LAKE BOATHOUSE AREA
Boat Attendants Labor Support
P
P
(3)S
S
H
P S
P
(3)S
H
P
(3)S H
P
(3)S
H
(2)S H
36
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Charles T. Main, Inc., Master Plan for Duke Power Recreation Area, May, 1974.
2. Division of State Parks, Interpretive Prospec- tus for the William B. Umstead State Park, September, 1974.
3. Division of State Parks, State Parks Public Use Record.
4. Division of State Parks, Principles Governing the Establishment, Extension, and Develop- ment of the State Park System of the State of North Carolina, August, 1965.
5. Division of Recreation Resources, Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan, 1973.
6. Greensboro Daily News, Urban Growth vs. the Wilderness, July 14, 1968.
7. J. E. Greiner Co., Inc., Raleigh-Durham Air- port Master Plan, Environmental Impact Assessment Report, March, 1974.
8. North Carolina Recreation Commission, A Method for Determining the Annual Carrying Capacity of Selected Types of Outdoor Rec- reation and Facilities in North Carolina, 1973.
9. North Carolina State Highway Commission, Thoroughfare Plan, Wake County, North Carolina, December, 1972.
10. Research Triangle Planning Commission, Research Triangle Region Development Guide, April, 1969.
11. Rulison, Michael V. E., Technical Report AN- 398, Planning for State Parks and State Forests in North Carolina, December, 1968.
12. The Raleigh Times, Umstead — A Wilderness at City's Doorstep, April 1, 1967.
13. The Raleigh Times, Umstead Park Area Is Tagged Landmark, July 24, 1974.
14. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conser- vation Service, Project Map, Crab tree Creek Watershed, November, 1973.
15. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Survey, Wake County, North Carolina, November, 1970.
16. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, U. S. Census of Population, 1970.
17. U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Out- door Recreation, Outdoor Recreation Space Standards, April, 1967.
18. U. S. Department of Interior, National Park Service, Master Plan Report, Crabtree Creek Recreational Demonstration Area, July 1, 1939.
37
PREPARED BY:
The Master Planning Unit Division of State Parks Department of Natural
and Economic Resources State of North Carolina October, 1974
PLANNING TEAM:
Bradley W. Davis, Landscape Designer II J. Stephen Weaver, Landscape Designer I
SUPERVISORS:
Alan R. Eakes, Chief of Planning
and Interpretation Frederick P. Hagenberger, Senior Planner
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:
Thomas C. Ellis, Director
William A. Webster, Chief of Administration
and Operations Myers G. Braxton, Superintendent,
William B. Umstead State Park James C. Johnson, Superintendent,
William B. Umstead State Park Nelson W. Chadwick, Ranger-Naturalist,
William B. Umstead State Park Delores Warren, Secretary
38
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NCDPR - GMP Section - 0004